flowerhorns and hybridizing fish

[Rico]

Flowerhorns, alias Nightmares

by Madhu Soodhanan
of Tamil Nadu, India
Aquarticles

Introduction
Enhancing the beauty of natural specimens, innovation to improve nature, developing beautiful and exotic breeds and strains - these are the words one may hear from a hybrid breeder or a hybrid loving hobbyist. But the truth is that hybridisation is nothing more than HUMAN AGGRESSION TO THE NATURAL WORLD. Many of us know of a lot of hybrids, with so called blood parrots and flowerhorns leading the list. In this article I would like to focus on the flowerhorn cichlid.
The flowerhorn
A demon fish created in Malaysia around 1996-1997 (which may possibly acquire legs and come out of the water one day!), this fish has made a storm in the hobby mostly in Asian countries, and is now spreading to the western world. The marketing and hence the demand for this fish has grown exponentially. Many breeders, distributors and LFS owners today have these creatures as their primary selling product.
The myth
The myth is that the nuchal hump of the flowerhorn resembles the Chinese God of Longevity. It is believed that the black markings on the fish bring luck and prosperity to the owner in accordance to feng-shui.
Generally, Chinese believe in mythical creatures like dragons. In recent times arowanas (belonging to the group Osteoglossidae and otherwise called bonytongues) were believed to bring prosperity as they resembled the mythical dragon. Similarly, the myth of the flowerhorn is that the Chinese God of Prosperity had a hump in his neck and so does the flower horn. It is believed that as the nuchal hump grows so does the bank balance, prosperity and longevity of the owner.
Origin
So far, the exact origin of the fish is unknown except by the ones who created it. But many researchers and experts believe that six cichlasoma-like cichlids were involved in assembling this fish. Cichlasoma trimaculatum (trimac cichlid), Cichlasoma festae (red terror), jingang blood parrot, Amphilophus citrinellum (midas cichlid), Amphilophus labiatum (red devil) and Vieja synspila (redheaded cichlid) are believed to be its parents. There are so many strains and breeds of flowerhorns today that it is nearly impossible even for an expert to identify what species were involved to create such a hybrid. Some flowerhorns are even dyed, and/or hormone induced.
Purpose
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH OF PROFITS for breeders, distributors and LFS owners. A single specimen flowerhorn has reached a price of US$319,790. From this price tag the purpose is quite obvious. No one will be able to sell a trimac, a midas, a red terror or a redheaded cichlid for more than say US$100 or $200. Big gains in the short term is the only purpose behind the creation of this so-called exotic fish. Even today the demand for flowerhorns is high, and a colourful flowerhorn with a big hump will sell for nothing less than $500.
Craze
So why are people crazy about this fish?
The answer lies in one coincidal incident. A person is said to have won a million dollars in a lottery by bidding the number corresponding to the bands in a flowerhorn. This news spread like a fire-storm all over far-east Asia and a lot of people hoped to become millionaires just by owning a fish.
Another reason for the craze for this fish is its beauty. Many flowerhorn breeders claim this to be the most beautiful fish.
It is also very easy to care for. I have seen one housed in a 20 gallon long tank with no problem. The fish grew to a size of around 10" with a big head, even in such a constrained place.
Flowerhorns are most popular amongst amateur hobbyists who seek only colour, beauty and luck in a fish. They are the ones who really don't understand the very ethics of the hobby, or that fishes are more than mere colourful swimming objects.
Catastrophe in the hobby
1. The biggest threat of flowerhorns to the fish-keeping hobby is that it has become very difficult to identify a pure species from a hybrid. Often a dull-coloured flowerhorn is sold as a trimac and a red flowerhorn is sold as a redheaded cichlid. Many LFS sell flowerhorns in sizes of about 1½". At this size some flowerhorns resemble convicts or orange chromides. One hobbyist in my locality mistook this fish for a convict and dropped it into his Central American tank. When this demon fish grew it terminated its tank mates and by the time he realised that it was a flowerhorn it was too late to save its tankmates.
2. The high demand for more strains has led breeders to some cruel practices:
- Round bellied flowerhorns are much sought after, and the spines of these fish are purposely bent using some technology.
- Rich coloured flowerhorns are sought after, and these fishes are dyed.
- A nuchal hump is sought after, and these fishes are constantly stressed by a mirror, very strong lighting and fluorescent gravel.
3. Aquariums are highly constrained environments. So the probability of a hybrid like this one mating with a pure species is very high. If breeding of these toy-fishes continues at such a high rate, then one day we may not see any pure species in the hobby.
4. Since it is a hybrid its characteristics are undeterminable. No one is sure of what these creatures are capable. To my knowledge a flowerhorn is tough enough to take over an oscar and most cichlasomines such as Texas, redheaded cichlids and severums. Also if one goes for tankmates for this fish, the tankmates and hence the hobbyist will be sitting on a ticking time-bomb.
5. Today flowerhorns have found a way to be true breeders, unlike blood parrots. People are breeding different flowerhorns together. For example, let us take FH1 as a flowerhorn developed by crossing a trimac and a red terror, and another flowerhorn FH2 is developed by crossing a trimac with a redheaded cichlid. If FH1 and FH2 breed, the resulting one will be a new kind. A demon giving birth to a demon of a new kind. Just imagine how awful the future of the hobby would be.
6. Flowerhorns attain sexual maturity at around 4" and from then on they will lay around 200 eggs every six months. If the production rate rockets up and fills aquariums, where will the pure species go? Then one day Local Fish Stores will become Local Flowerhorn Stores. In many Asian countries this has already happened.
Nightmare to Nature
The biggest threat that these monstrous creatures possess is to the natural world. This fish is believed to be a feng-shui fish. A bigger hump and good colouration is believed to bring good luck, so obviously the vice-versa is believed. When a flowerhorn loses its hump and/or its colour it is thought to bring bad luck. Thus, many owners just throw flowerhorns into nearby water bodies, and these 'Franken-fishes' (as Dr. Ron Coleman calls them) take over the entire eco-system of that particular watershed. Most flowerhorns are brought up by being fed live fish. When a 10" fish raised on such a diet is introduced into a watershed the result is obvious.
Here is a case study:
There is a small pond called Ammapet pond in my locality (in the state of Tamil Nadu, India) with an area of around 4 sq. kms. Many barbs, mosquito fish, a few Asian native cichlids such as Etroplus maculatus (orange chromide) and Etroplus suratensis, and a rich vegetation of hydra and other water weeds used to call that lake home. Some flowerhorns were released into the pond by a few hobbyists. These flowerhorns grew to around 12" in the wild and bred there. The smaller species including orange chromides were taken as lunch. Green chromides were bullied and massacred by these aggressive creatures. There were no fish to feed on the vegetation and the water level depleted. There were no mosquito fish to feed on mosquito eggs and the pond became a breeding spot for mosquitoes. The entire ecological balance of the pond was ruined by just a handful of flowerhorns.
Stories similar to this have become very common in Malaysia. Almost all watersheds in Malaysia have been infested by this fish, although no instances of this fish entering Malaysian rain forests have been reported yet. But in future if these devils find a way into the forests then highly endangered species like the Asian arowanas (Scleropages formosus) already in CITES Appendix I, and other native fishes will vanish.
Conclusion
Aquariums should be considered to be miniature versions of natural habitats. Even though we are not able to establish perfect ecosystems in our aquariums, we can try to provide environments as close as possible to natural habitats to enjoy their beauty.
- If you buy a flowerhorn for the nuchal hump, take a look at the frontosa (Cyphotilapia frontosa) a Tanganyikan cichlid. When left in small groups in a big enough tank the dominant male develops a hump which no flowerhorn will produce.
- If colour is what you seek in a fish, then take a look at the redheaded cichlid (Cichlasoma synspilum). It's got all the colours of the rainbow.
- If you desire black markings, a trimac (Cichlasoma trimaculatum) has a distinct pattern.
- If you are looking for pearls, consider the Texas cichlid (Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum).
If there are natural specimens that have all the traits one expects in terms of sheer beauty then why go for the man-made stuff? There are 1500+ known species of cichlids in the wild and hundreds with striking beauty and amazing personalities available to the hobby. This availability is rich enough to fit anyone's need. Let us respect Mother Nature. Doing something awful is not difficult but the consequences would have to be faced. As far as we know only one planet holds the key to create, support and cycle a phenomenon called Life. Let us not cheapen it or take it for granted.
So STOP BUYING HYBRIDS, and if you ever come across one never hesitate to kill it. Even if your conscience doesn't allow you to kill it NEVER THROW IT INTO ANY WATERSHED. We as a species have the power to conserve nature's creations but do not have the right to redesign them. So say no to hybrids, hormone induced fishes and genetically redesigned species. Remember, when the buying stops, the production will too.

[Rico]

The Trouble With Hybrids

by Andrew Boyd
First published in Tank Talk, Canberra and District Aquarium Society, Australia
Aquarticles

With all the recent kerfuffle about hybridised cichlids, I thought it timely to write about why, in certain circles, the word ‘hybrid’ is frowned upon.
There is a perfectly legitimate scientific reason for hybridising fishes (or birds, for that matter) of different species or genera. One of the old tests of whether or not two animals would fit into the same genus was to cross breed them and see if the offspring were fertile. But when trying to preserve dwindling stocks of rare cichlids, hybridisation is of no good whatsoever, and can even be quite harmful.
An aquarist may have a nice male Melanotaenia goldii, a rare New Guinean Rainbowfish. But perhaps he cannot find a female of this species and so is tempted to use a very similar looking female of M. herbertaxelrodi. So he cross breeds the-two species and obtains a batch of fry that are goldii x herbertaxelrodi hybrids. Some of these he then sells to friends as goldii and the rest he grows up and disposes to the aquarium trade. What has he done wrong? Well for a start, his friends will be in possession of viable hybrids that they will be tempted to rear up and breed, goldii being as rare as it is. Other aquarists will purchase them from the shops in good faith and taking them to be pure stock, will also breed them. But these fish are not goldii at all and at some stage (maybe in the next generation, when the fry will not look like their parents) someone will work this out. The ultimate result will be a lot of wasted work in raising fishes of no real value.
Hybridisation is not always deliberate: with the Aulonocara (Malawi Peacock Cichlids), most of the females are quite similar and in a community tank, the father of a particular brood of fry may not belong to the same species as the mother. Care must also be taken in this regard (similar females) with Killifish.
In the Australian cichlid scene at the moment, there is a great deal of concern about hybridisation because of the low available gene pool, that many dedicated breeders are devoting their lives to preserving. In the case of many of the Lake Victoria cichlids, which are now extinct in the wild, this work is quite literally of vital importance.
When buying cichlids, aquarists should make a point of getting to know what wild specimens look like, to guard against obtaining hybrids, or even 'pure' fish that may not be compatible with others in their breeding tanks. In the case of the African Rift Lake Cichlids, the club library has two excellent books by Ad Konigs, on the Malawi and Tanganyika species, respectively. These works give a good idea of what the fishes look like in the wild. It is a shame that no such book exists, showing all of the different populations of Australian Rainbowfishes. All the same, it is a good rule not to cross breed populations of such variable species as Melanotaenia tilfasciata, but rather to recognise and work within populations, such as those from the Goyder and Giddy Rivers.
Be wary of so-called 'new' species of fishes just on the market for the first time in many years. There have been cases of unscrupulous breeders deliberately crossing different species (particularly in the New Guinean Rainbowfishes and African Cichlids) in order to produce something more colourful. They then raise the hybrids and search, meantime, in the handbooks for something approximating their appearance. The hybrids are then released under this appealing name, to an unsuspecting public always on the lookout for something new and prepared to pay exorbitant prices. To be sure, some new fishes are smuggled into the country occasionally, but many people have been 'caught' by flashy hybrids that appeared to be prohibited species at the time.
However, the major trouble with hybrids is that they divert those serious souls who are trying to preserve what is left of cichlids that were formerly allowed into Australia. For once these populations are gone, we shall never see them again, except as pictures in old books! A while ago, I was privileged to hear a talk by Graeme Phipps (Curator-in-Chief, Taronga Park Zoo), who expressed the opinion that hybridisers of rare and provenanced (place of origin known) stocks were committing a "crime against the species" and should be prosecuted accordingly. So please do not hybridise fishes deliberately and ensure that you take every precaution to prevent its happening accidentally, thereby helping our hobby to survive.

[Gene D]

Both good and informative articles. I am not a fan of the hybrids and believe that all fry of questionable origins should be destroyed. I know of several Tropheus keepers who will regulary destroy fry in tanks where more than one variant are kept to garauntee against possible hybridization. Above all NEVER introduce non indigenous species into local waters, no telling what jow severe the consequences could be.

[newb]

good read...thx for posting.

[Rico]

Both good and informative articles. I am not a fan of the hybrids and believe that all fry of questionable origins should be destroyed. I know of several Tropheus keepers who will regulary destroy fry in tanks where more than one variant are kept to garauntee against possible hybridization. Above all NEVER introduce non indigenous species into local waters, no telling what jow severe the consequences could be.

thats one of the biggest problems in mexico and most of central america. people have introduced just about everything into the waters. tilapia, pacus, plecos, convicts, greenterrors, and many more. that just adds on the problem they already have with the water pollution. many rare species are now threatened by this. i have two of them that i plan on breeding and spreading them out more in the hobby. one is the Amphilophus Lyonsi. very beautiful cichlid but its popularity has dimished because of the flowerhorn. they are almost extinct in the wild and the few that are available are being used to hybridize with flowerhorns to get the color and what they call the "flowerline". the other species is the herichthys labridens from media luna. this one is in danger because its has started hybridizing with the herichthys carpintis "green texas". what caused this was the introduction of the carpintis to the Media Luna lake. they built a canal connecting the lake to Rio Verde which is a small river in mexico. this cause two similar species who had never lived together to hybridize. herichthys bartoni and herichthys labridens have been in this lake for years with no cross breeding problems. they can recognize that they are different species but i guess the labridens is too similar to the carpintis for them to recognize it as a different species.

[marauder_77868]

Good articles...I had published both of those in the HAS newsletter a couple of years ago.

[PhishPhreek]

Survival of the fittest...........
It's been going on for a long, long time.

[oneoffcustom]

Rico that is a great article. Thanks for posting this.

[mdwalt]

"thats one of the biggest problems in mexico and most of central america. people have introduced just about everything into the waters. tilapia, pacus, plecos, convicts, greenterrors, and many more." - Rico

This problem is very evident not only in the places you mentioned, but all over the warmer climates of the USA as well. Just visit some local waterways and toss out a cast net. You'll find all sorts of the variations of species you've mentioned.

The most destruction here has occurred form the invasive nature of common plecos (Hypostomus plecostomus). They destabilize the banks of many Houston bayous, eat all of the algea that native fish depend on to survive, and eat eggs of other fish pushing them to the brink of extinction. Since they can grow up to 2 feet long and grow an armor plating, they don't have any real predators to limit their population.

Invasive, non-native species of both fish and plants are a huge problem in our area today. People dumping fish into the lakes and bayous are adding to the problem whether they can physically see it or not.

[OrandaMan]

Survival of the fittest, sure. However, life evolves to match the peculiarities of their environments. Available resources, cycles of scarcity, compatibility with other life, be it on land or in the water, all dictating what species will survive and which ones won't. Now, you can take a school of piranha and put them in a nearby lake and let's say they clear out the other fish. First, you've denied a relatively safe food source for local "fishing" land animals, and then what happens to the piranha when winter freezes the water? All the fish that could handle that are already gone.

That's an extreme example, but my point is that you can't be cavalier about the drastic changes irresponsibility can cause.

Rico: when I have more experience and more tanks, I'd love to help with the breeding of Amphilophus lyonsi.

[oneoffcustom]

The funny thing about the trimac, is that i bought two flowerhorns under the name of red chili's. I then looked at a picture rico posted of his trimac's, and they looked exactly like my flowerhorns. I paid 20$ for each fish at about 4 to 5 inches. By this i can see why there would be concern for the buying part, thinking you got one but its actually another. I still love the firehorn line and would kill for a good purebred. This weekend i actually traded off my two flowerhorn/trimacs for a killer 8 inch parachromis male Dovii.

[Rico]

This weekend i actually traded off my two flowerhorn/trimacs for a killer 8 inch parachromis male Dovii.

that was a good deal. post a pic or vid.

[oneoffcustom]

I will have to take some. I say its a male but feel it may be a female, im not sure. At the store it was major aggressive, but once home it is still in hiding. Has some speckles on face and upper half. It is a cool fish, not the prettiest i have seen but cool none the less. Do you think if i found a blue female they would mate?